python [
-B ] [ -d ] [ -E ] [
-h ] [ -i ] [ -m
module-name ]
[ -O ] [ -OO ] [ -R ]
[ -Q argument ] [ -s ] [
-S ] [ -t ] [ -u ]
[ -v ] [ -V ] [ -W
argument ] [ -x ] [ -3 ] [
-? ]
[ -c command | script | - ]
[ arguments ]
Step 2
For Python2.x, `python -m SimpleHTTPServer` and Python3.x `python -m http.server` ##What does it do ? Starts a webserver in the current directory that receives request on port 8000 by default ##Output: Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 ...example added by Yaw
You might create a new file called
/etc/profile.d/local_python.sh with the contents
PYTHONPATH="/usr/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages/":"${PYTHONPATH}"
export PYTHONPATH
Which will set the PYTHONPATH variable for all
logged in users on your system.
Gentoo!! Great package support, and highest performance possible of any distro. Also support for strange hardware. Plus it's fun to set up.
The C++ performance is almost exactly the same from Linux to OS X. I haven't used R on either platform, but the fundamental systems between OS X and linux are so similar that I wouldn't think the platform would impact performance in any significant way.
You can always download Linux and try it out. You can find a distro that will work on your current Mac.
You should probably rename your file main.py to
internetScanner. Extensions on *nix are purely
optional. It shouldn't matter here.
mv main.py internetScanner
Then, add the following line to this file, right at the beginning:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
This will make sure that when the shell executes the file, it
will know to use python3 to interpret the content.
This is known as the Shebang.
Now, make the file executable:
chmod +x internetScanner
You can now run your program from within
/User/Desktop/project/internetScanner/:
./internetScanner start
Your program will run in the foreground and continue running until you press Ctrl-C. If you do not want this, you can also start the program in the background, by adding an ampersand after the command:
./internetScanner start &
This will let your program run, but you can continue to use your shell. This is called job control, and there's a simple tutorial about it here.
If you now want to be able to run the program from anywhere on
the system, you need to add the internetScanner
directory to your PATH:
What are PATH and other environment variables, and how can I set
or use them?
xml2 can convert xml to/from line-oriented format:
xml2 < pom.xml | grep /project/version= | sed 's/.*=//'
Long-shot, but make sure that /tmp isn't mounted
with the noexec mount option. That can give errors
like that.
Use which python.
$ which python
/usr/bin/python
C:\Users\anossovp>where python
c:\Python27\python.exe
On linux, when you kill a parent the child gets sent a sighup which will generally kill it unless it was meant to stay alive as a daemon in which case it will trap sighup. (I think this is why one usually uses sighup to tell a daemon to refresh itself, since it's conveneintly always trapped). On macosx I can't find documentation but it appears that no sighup gets sent. As a result the child process is orphaned and it's new parent is the grandparent. The way you deal with this is you send the kill signal to the process group of the parent not the parent process itself. This will nuke all the children and grand children as well with one caveate. If any child process does a setpgrp() or setsid() then it escapes the process group membership. It will not get the kill sent to it's old process group. Usually one need not worry about the latter since it's usually intentional when used to achieve that purpose.
I don't think you have an actual problem here.
Why do you care how much total memory is being used? Is it hurting anything?
Linux tries to use your memory as efficiently as possible. If you've got tons of free memory, and you're reading lots of files, it'll use the free memory to cache those files. If you've got tons of active memory, it'll use a lot less memory for caching. That's the way it's supposed to work. If you don't want the memory to be used at all, take the chips out of your computer.
There are some uncommon cases where lots of caching could be bad. Maybe the burst of reading always happens right before a burst of memory allocation. Maybe something about your specific case means there's no possible benefit, and you need to squeeze out that last 0.1% performance cost. Maybe you're on an embedded system that uses RAM with a limited lifetime. If you have such a case, tell us what it is.
From What does the “no version information available” error from linux dynamic linker mean?, pertaining to libpam :
The "no version information available" means that the library version number is lower on the shared object. For example, if your major.minor.patch number is 7.15.5 on the machine where you build the binary, and the major.minor.patch number is 7.12.1 on the installation machine, ld will print the warning.
You can fix this by compiling with a library (headers and shared objects) that matches the shared object version shipped with your target OS. E.g., if you are going to install to RedHat 3.4.6-9 you don't want to compile on Debian 4.1.1-21. This is one of the reasons that most distributions ship for specific linux distro numbers.
Otherwise, you can statically link. However, you don't want to do this with something like PAM, so you want to actually install a development environment that matches your client's production environment (or at least install and link against the correct library versions.)
Just because a file is marked executable does not mean that the OS knows how to execute it. What happened here is that the .pyc file inherited some of the permissions (or assumed default filesystem permissions, for example, if you're on a FAT32 drive in Linux).
In general, you don't execute .pyc files. Python stores them so it doesn't have to recompile the code every time it is imported.
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in Python you are referred to the Python Tutorial. The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types, constants, functions and modules. Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail. (These documents may be located via the INTERNET RESOURCES below; they may be installed on your system as well.)
Python’s basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C or C++. On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded. Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing applications. See the internal documentation for hints.
Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be viewed by running the pydoc program.
-B
Don’t write .py[co] files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.
-c command
Specify the command to execute (see next section). This terminates the option list (following options are passed as arguments to the command).
-d
Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation options).
-E
Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify the behavior of the interpreter.
-h , -? , --help
Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.
-i
When a script is passed as first argument or the -c option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception.
-m module-name
Searches sys.path for the named module and runs the corresponding .py file as a script.
-O
Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for compiled (bytecode) files from .pyc to .pyo. Given twice, causes docstrings to be discarded.
-OO
Discard docstrings in addition to the -O optimizations.
-R
Turn on "hash randomization", so that the hash() values of str, bytes and datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable pseudo-random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.
This is intended to provide protection against a denial of service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
-Q argument
Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of "old" (the default, int/int and long/long return an int or long), "new" (new division semantics, i.e. int/int and long/long returns a float), "warn" (old division semantics with a warning for int/int and long/long), or "warnall" (old division semantics with a warning for all use of the division operator). For a use of "warnall", see the Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py script.
-s
Don’t add user site directory to sys.path.
-S
Disable the import of the module site and the site-dependent manipulations of sys.path that it entails.
-t
Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is given twice.
-u
Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems where it matters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode. Note that there is internal buffering in xreadlines(), readlines() and file-object iterators ("for line in sys.stdin") which is not influenced by this option. To work around this, you will want to use "sys.stdin.readline()" inside a "while 1:" loop.
-v
Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit.
-V , --version
Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits.
-W argument
Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to sys.stderr. A typical warning message has the following form: file:line: category: message. By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed. Multiple -W options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid -W options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be controlled from within a Python program using the warnings module.
The simplest form of argument is one of the following action strings (or a unique abbreviation): ignore to ignore all warnings; default to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once per source line); all to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line, such as inside a loop); module to print each warning only the first time it occurs in each module; once to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or error to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message.
The full form of argument is action:message:category:module:line. Here, action is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The message field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is case-insensitive. The category field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must be given. The module field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The line field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus equivalent to an omitted line number.
-x
Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will be off by one!
-3
Warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities that 2to3 cannot trivially fix.
PYTHONHOME
Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to /usr/local. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
PYTHONPATH
Augments the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell’s $PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by colons. Non-existent directories are silently ignored. The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME above). The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH. If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variable sys.path.
PYTHONSTARTUP
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts sys.ps1 and sys.ps2 in this file.
PYTHONY2K
Set this to a non-empty string to cause the time module to require dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years are converted based on rules described in the time module documentation.
PYTHONOPTIMIZE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -O option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -O multiple times.
PYTHONDEBUG
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -d option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -d multiple times.
PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -B option (don’t try to write .py[co] files).
PYTHONINSPECT
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -i option.
PYTHONIOENCODING
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the
encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
encodingname:errorhandler The
errorhandler part is optional and has the same meaning as
in str.encode. For stderr, the errorhandler
part is ignored; the handler will always be ´backslashreplace´.
PYTHONNOUSERSITE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -s option (Don’t add the user site directory to sys.path).
PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -u option.
PYTHONVERBOSE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -v option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -v multiple times.
PYTHONWARNINGS
If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to specifying the -W option for each separate value.
PYTHONHASHSEED
If this variable is set to "random", the effect is the same as specifying the -R option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.
If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is disabled.
These are subject to difference depending on local installation
conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are
installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU
software; they may be the same. On Debian GNU/{Hurd,Linux} the
default for both is /usr.
${exec_prefix}/bin/python
Recommended location of the interpreter.
${prefix}/lib/python<version>
${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard modules.
${prefix}/include/python<version>
${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the interpreter.
~/.pythonrc.py
User-specific initialization file loaded by the user module; not used by default or by most applications.
Main website: http://www.python.org/
Documentation: http://docs.python.org/
Developer resources: http://docs.python.org/devguide/
Downloads: http://python.org/download/
Module repository: http://pypi.python.org/
Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce
The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file; when called with -c command, it executes the Python statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are passed to the script in the Python variable sys.argv, which is a list of strings (you must first import sys to be able to access it). If no script name is given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string; if -c is used, sys.argv[0] contains the string ’-c’. Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself are not placed in sys.argv.
In interactive mode, the primary prompt is ’>>>’; the second prompt (which appears when a command is not complete) is ’...’. The prompts can be changed by assignment to sys.ps1 or sys.ps2. The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt. When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. The interrupt signal raises the KeyboardInterrupt exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is sometimes ignored, in favor of the IOError exception). Error messages are written to stderr.
Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file "LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms & conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
The Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf