see also :
passwd
openssl command [ command_opts ] [ command_args ]
openssl [ list-standard-commands | list-message-digest-commands | list-cipher-commands | list-cipher-algorithms | list-message-digest-algorithms | list-public-key-algorithms]
openssl no- XXX [ arbitrary options ]
Step 2
The answer is encoded below:
sudo find / -name 'libssl*'
Chances are there is more than one libssl on your machine. You
can find the version number by doing something like strings
- /usr/lib/libssl* | less and then search for the version
number by typing /0\.9\.8 followed by ENTER.
Try something like this:
openssl rsautl -decrypt -in binarytext -out myfile.txt
-inkey private.pem
The important bit here is -out myfile.txt
optional_depends openssl \
"--enable-openssl" \
"--enable-openssl" \
"--disable-openssl" \
"for openssl encryption support"
Yes, it's a mandatory step. You cannot remove OpenSSL from a program uses it, the same way you couldn't remove random engine parts from a car.
The OpenSSL library is usually already installed, but you have to install the header files. Depending on your Linux distribution, you'll need these packages:
openssl-devel
libssl-dev
openssl
Technically one could replace OpenSSL with, say, NSS, but that's not the point here.
OpenSSL is often considered a core package as it is used by a
number of others to provide security features, and I would
recommend against hand-rolling core packages unless you have a
particularly good understanding of the potential repercussions.
If you do hand-roll it I would recommend installing over the
provided package, instead installing it into
/usr/local or even your user home and compiling
what-ever you need that needs the updated library where to find
it as pat of their build procedure - this was you do not disrupt
other binary packages that depend upon openssl. If you hand-roll
openssl you will need to rebuild it each time an update is
released (and may need to rebuild other dependent packes each
time too depending on the changes).
Would it be possible to instead update your Debian installation to the latest Stable instead? That includes v1.0.1e by default (see http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=wheezy&searchon=names&keywords=openssl) and means you get future updates with no extra effort.
Private keys should have reading heavily restricted. Setting
permissions to 600 and owned by root
should work. However, there are other secure permissions settings
- Ubuntu stores keys in a directory with owner root
and group ssl-cert and permissions 710.
This means that only members of ssl-cert can access
any files in that directory. Private keys then have group
ssl-cert, owner root, and permissions
640.
This should help you get a Self Signed Cert made and set up:
http://www.akadia.com/services/ssh_test_certificate.html
It's pretty straight forward. It looks like you skipped the Step 2 and need to change the way you're doing step 4.
On this system, you have installed an RHEL 6 openssl x86-64 RPM, but you're trying to install an order RHEL 5 openssl i386 RPM. You need to install an i386 version of openssl that matches your x86-64 RPM.
The easiest way to install this would be to use yum
rather than rpm. The command to install via
yum (with all dependencies) is:
yum -y install libcurl.i386
If you can't do that for some reason, get the openssl package you need from the RHEL updates repository, or you can use the latest openssl RPM from CentOS 6.
If you type
cat | openssl enc -base64
and then press Ctrl + D then it will encode everything you just typed.
You can only update to whatever version of the openssl package is available in the yum repositories. You can check to see which openssl package is available by entering the command:
yum list available openssl
On RHEL5, the version available at this time is openssl-0.9.8e-22.el5_8.4.
On RHEL6, the current version is openssl-1.0.0-27.el6.
If you are on an RHEL5 or CentOS5 machine, you cannot update to the openssl-1.0.0 package that is only available for RHEL6 or CentOS6.
Fix. I don't know what the problem was, but it was related to the certificates (ca-certificates) package.
It was fixed by adding ca-certificates and run
update-ca-certificates
The distro I was using is Alpine LInux, so the commands are:
apk add ca-certificates
update-ca-certificates
In debian alike it should be:
apt-get install ca-certificates
update-ca-certificates
Have you tried making sure you have up to date information in
your RPM databases? Something along the lines yum clean all
&& yum update might be in order at this point.
I'd recommend OpenCA PKI. I had a good look around for this sort of thing a while ago, and it's the only thing that fit the bill. I've not been rigorous, but the software seems good; the documentation, however, is sorely lacking. This PDF file should help you get up and running. They also have an OCSP responder you can use (which I haven't yet tried).
I tested this software a while ago, but haven't yet put it in production. You can run PostgreSQL or MySQL, and I believe I'd have been using it with MySQL (my preference) but can't absolutely recall. I stopped using it because I got distracted with other projects, not because the software wasn't working.
I remember being very impressed with OpenCA. (For the record, I'm not affiliated with the project at all.)
apparently libcrypt.a was replaced somewhere in the process. We had to custom build using some help from
http://blog.gmane.org/gmane.linux.distributions.gobo.general/month=20100601
configuring with
configure --prefix=glibc-2.12-1.47. el6_2.9.src/glibc-2.12-2-gc4ccff1/binary --host=i686-redhat-linux --build=i686-redhat-linux --enable-static --disable-nss-crypt CC='gcc -Wa,--32 -m32' CXX='g++ -Wa,--32 -m32' CFLAGS='-O2 -march=i686' CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=i686' LDFLAGS=-m32
You need the private key (possibly cacert.key if
you've been following tutorials) of the CA certificate
(cacert.crt) that's in the OpenVPN file, so you can
issue new certificates signed by that CA certificate.
If you do not have this private key (typically a
.key or .pem file) then you cannot
issue any more client certificates, nor can you issue revocation
lists. You'll need to create a new CA and new server and client
certificates signed by it in that case.
Your only other option is to modify the server configuration to accept passwords in addition to certificates, which is less secure than just accepting certificates.
OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security ( TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them.
The openssl program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL’s crypto library from the shell. It can be used for
o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters o Public key cryptographic operations o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs o Calculation of Message Digests o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification
The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands (command in the SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments (command_opts and command_args in the SYNOPSIS ).
The pseudo-commands list-standard-commands, list-message-digest-commands, and list-cipher-commands output a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present openssl utility.
The pseudo-commands list-cipher-algorithms and list-message-digest-algorithms list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:
from => to
The pseudo-command list-public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms.
The pseudo-command no- XXX tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If no command named XXX exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints no- XXX ; otherwise it returns 1 and prints XXX . In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to stderr. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the openssl program. (no- XXX is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as quit, list-...-commands, or no- XXX itself.)
STANDARD COMMANDS
asn1parse
Parse an ASN .1 sequence.
ca
Certificate Authority ( CA ) Management.
ciphers
Cipher Suite Description Determination.
cms
CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility
crl
Certificate Revocation List ( CRL ) Management.
crl2pkcs7
CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.
dgst
Message Digest Calculation.
dh
Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management. Obsoleted by dhparam.
dhparam
Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by genpkey and pkeyparam
dsa
DSA Data Management.
dsaparam
DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by genpkey and pkeyparam
ec
EC (Elliptic curve) key processing
ecparam
EC parameter manipulation and generation
enc
Encoding with Ciphers.
engine
Engine (loadble module) information and manipulation.
errstr
Error Number to Error String Conversion.
gendh
Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Obsoleted by dhparam.
gendsa
Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by genpkey and pkey
genpkey
Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
genrsa
Generation of RSA Private Key. Superceded by genpkey.
nseq
Create or examine a netscape certificate sequence
ocsp
Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
passwd
Generation of hashed passwords.
pkcs12
PKCS#12 Data Management.
pkcs7
PKCS#7 Data Management.
pkey
Public and private key management.
pkeyparam
Public key algorithm parameter management.
pkeyutl
Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
rand
Generate pseudo-random bytes.
req
PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request ( CSR ) Management.
rsa
RSA key management.
rsautl
RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl
s_client
This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS . It’s intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.
s_server
This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS . It’s intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library. It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.
s_time
SSL Connection Timer.
sess_id
SSL Session Data Management.
smime
S/MIME mail processing.
speed
Algorithm Speed Measurement.
spkac
SPKAC printing and generating utility
ts
Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)
verify
X.509 Certificate Verification.
version
OpenSSL Version Information.
x509
X.509 Certificate Data Management.
MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS
md2
MD2 Digest
md5
MD5 Digest
mdc2
MDC2 Digest
rmd160
RMD-160 Digest
sha
SHA Digest
sha1
SHA-1 Digest
sha224
SHA-224 Digest
sha256
SHA-256 Digest
sha384
SHA-384 Digest
sha512
SHA-512 Digest
ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS
base64
Base64 Encoding
bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb
Blowfish Cipher
cast cast-cbc
CAST Cipher
cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb
CAST5 Cipher
des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb
des-ede-ofb
des-ofb
DES Cipher
des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb
Triple-DES Cipher
idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb
IDEA Cipher
rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb
RC2 Cipher
rc4
RC4 Cipher
rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb
RC5 Cipher
Several commands accept password arguments, typically using
-passin and -passout for input and output passwords
respectively. These allow the password to be obtained from a
variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument
whose format is described below. If no password argument is given
and a password is required then the user is prompted to enter
one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with
echoing turned off.
pass:password
the actual password is password. Since the password is visible to utilities (like ’ps’ under Unix) this form should only be used where security is not important.
env:var
obtain the password from the environment variable var. Since the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms (e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.
file:pathname
the first line of pathname is the password. If the same pathname argument is supplied to -passin and -passout arguments then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. pathname need not refer to a regular file: it could for example refer to a device or named pipe.
fd:number
read the password from the file descriptor number. This can be used to send the data via a pipe for example.
stdin
read the password from standard input.
The openssl(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2. The list- XXX -commands pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3; The list- XXX -algorithms pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; the no- XXX pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a. For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages.
asn1parse, ca, config, crl, crl2pkcs7, dgst, dhparam, dsa, dsaparam, enc, gendsa, genpkey, genrsa, nseq, openssl, passwd , pkcs12, pkcs7, pkcs8, rand, req, rsa, rsautl, s_client, s_server, s_time, smime, spkac, verify, version, x509, crypto, ssl, x509v3_config