mysql

the MySQL command-line tool

Synopsis

mysql [options] db_name

add an example, a script, a trick and tips

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examples

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  mysql -u root mysql

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  mysql $DATACITE_MYSQL
  $@

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MySql client for Linux

Take a look at this list for Toad from http://alternativeto.net ~~I'm pretty sure Oracle SQL Developer will do what you want on linux.~~

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How do I log out of `sudo su` in Ubuntu?

Use

su username

to get back to your user level (or a different user)

Or just press Ctrl-D to exit out of root

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How to restart MySQL

To shutdown mysql, run:

mysqladmin -uuser -ppassword shutdown

where user and password is that for a user with the proper SHUTDOWN privilege

To check that it has been shut down:

ps aux | grep mysql

If any processes (other than the 'grep' command) show up, it hasn't been shutdown.

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Difference between mysql, mysql-server, mysql-client in Linux

The mysql-client package allows you to connect to a MySQL server. It will give you the "mysql" command-line program.

The mysql-server package allows you to run a MySQL server which can host multiple databases and process queries on those databases. It will give you the MySQL daemon, a.k.a. mysqld.

The "MySQL" package probably includes both of the above.

If you just need to connect to a remote server and run queries, install just mysql-client. If you need to host a database, install the client and server.

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MySQL completely uninstalled and reinstall but database still exists on Ubuntu 12.04

Add

rm -rf /var/lib/mysql
rm -rf /etc/mysql*

before the install to delete everything, but be careful you can have third parties schemas there like phpmyadmin,... So consider deleting one by one subfolder.

Maybe there is an elegant way of doing this, like mysql_secure_installation

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Why do I need ./ for commands to run on Mountain Lion?

If you put the directory with your binaries into your PATH environment variable, you can call them without providing the path (ie the ./)

I'd guess you're probably using bash as your shell (you can check by running echo $SHELL). If that's the case, add the following to your .bashrc

export PATH=$PATH:/whatever/path/you/want/to/add

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No mysql password under linux?

When you add a user in unix, ever notice how it doesn't prompt you for a password? Try it: useradd testuser. Didn't ask did it? Just gave you a new command prompt. Congratulations, now you have a user with no password.

Of course, you can't log in using the user until you set a password for it, so it's not much of a security hole. This is the reason the mysql user is set up with no password: if it HAD a default password it would be a MASSIVE security hole, because you'd be able to log in using that user and have rights over the database.

If you look in your /etc/shadow file, you should see the user with a ! where the password would otherwise be. Means the account is locked.

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MySql database from usb stick

When you start the MySQL Server, you can specify --datadir, so you could probably script something to get MySQL to use the data on the USB stick.

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Installed mysql from source on linux and then how to get it work with php?

Finally I recompiled my php source with appending --with-mysql=/opt/mysql, --with-mysqli=/opt/mysql/bin/mysql_config and --with-pdo-mysql three configure options to let my php support the modules of mysql. Steps taken as follows:
1> stop apache and mysql services
2> backup php.ini
3> remove php
4> reconfigure php source
./configure --prefix=/opt/php --with-apxs2=/opt/apache/bin/apxs --with-mysql=/opt/mysql --with-mysqli=/opt/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-pdo-mysql --...and other options
5> make and then make install
6> copy php.ini back and uncomment the corresponding directs on mysql modules

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I believe I've deleted MySQL root user, how do I recreate it?

SOLVED: I followed these instructions and my root user is now listed in the user table and I can login with it. What seemed to do it was performing these steps as the mysql user rather than root.

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Autostart PtokaX at boot only after mysqld has started

First, rename the rc-script to ptokax (the name server.sh is just lame as it conveys no information to the user).

Then try changing the LSB header in that file to

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          ptokax
# Required-Start:    $network mysql
# Required-Stop:     $network mysql
# Should-Start:      $time
# Should-Stop:       $time
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop the PtokaX DC daemon
# Description:       Controls the PtokaX DC server daemon
### END INIT INFO

And then run

# insserv ptokax

to make the insserv know about your service and rebuild its dependency maps.

I beleive that these days the old-ish

# update-rc.d ptokax defaults

should also trigger insserv but I don't know for sure.

See also this about the meaning of the LSB header fields. Note that you might also want to start-depend on other virtual facilities such as $remote_fs, $named and $syslog—depending on which of them PtokaX relies on.

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I believe I've deleted MySQL root user, how do I recreate it?

I followed these instructions and my root user is now listed in the user table and I can login with it. What seemed to do it was performing these steps as the mysql user rather than root.

root# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
root# su mysql
mysql$ pwd
/home/mysql
mysql$ echo "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'my_pass' WITH GRANT OPTION;"> mysql-init
mysql$ mysqld_safe --init-file=/home/mysql/mysql-init &
mysql$ rm mysql-init
mysql$ mysql -uroot -p   # woot, works

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phpmyadmin symlinks error after ubuntu upgrade

For me the following solution solved the problem:

In my website conf file, I have the following section:

    <IfModule mod_php5.c>
            AddType application/x-httpd-php .php

            php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off
            php_flag track_vars On
            php_flag register_globals Off
            php_admin_flag allow_url_fopen Off
            php_value include_path .
            php_admin_value upload_tmp_dir /var/lib/phpmyadmin/tmp
            php_admin_value open_basedir /usr/share/phpmyadmin/:/etc/phpmyadmin/:/var/lib/phpmyadmin/:/usr/share/php/php-gettext/
    </IfModule>

The only change I've made since Ubuntu 13.04 install is include /usr/share/php/php-gettext/ in the open_basedir, and that did the trick.

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MySQL optimisation in Linux

I advise against MyISAM tables, even though in some cases they can be faster, because they are less functional, and data corruption is much more of a possibility.

Connecting via a socket instead of TCP is a good idea, but it won't make any noticeable difference for the types of queries you're talking about.

Depending on the usage patterns for your data, you might consider partitioning your data into multiple tables. Without knowing more about your data, I can't offer specific recommendations, but you can read up on Partitioning in MySQL to get an idea. And of course if you choose to go that route, and have more specific questions, you know where to ask :)

description

mysql is a simple SQL shell with input line editing capabilities. It supports interactive and noninteractive use. When used interactively, query results are presented in an ASCII-table format. When used noninteractively (for example, as a filter), the result is presented in tab-separated format. The output format can be changed using command options.

If you have problems due to insufficient memory for large result sets, use the --quick option. This forces mysql to retrieve results from the server a row at a time rather than retrieving the entire result set and buffering it in memory before displaying it. This is done by returning the result set using the mysql_use_result() C API function in the client/server library rather than mysql_store_result().

Using mysql is very easy. Invoke it from the prompt of your command interpreter as follows:

shell> mysql db_name

Or:

shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name

Then type an SQL statement, end it with “;”, \g, or \G and press Enter.

Typing Control+C causes mysql to attempt to kill the current statement. If this cannot be done, or Control+C is typed again before the statement is killed, mysql exits. Previously, Control+C caused mysql to exit in all cases.

You can execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) like this:

shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab

On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to a history file. See the section called “MYSQL HISTORY FILE”.

copyright

This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.

The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.

If this software or related documentation is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable:

U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.

This software is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications which may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use of this software. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software in dangerous applications.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. MySQL is a trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates, and shall not be used without Oracle’s express written authorization. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

This software and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.

This document in any form, software or printed matter, contains proprietary information that is the exclusive property of Oracle. Your access to and use of this material is subject to the terms and conditions of your Oracle Software License and Service Agreement, which has been executed and with which you agree to comply. This document and information contained herein may not be disclosed, copied, reproduced, or distributed to anyone outside Oracle without prior written consent of Oracle or as specifically provided below. This document is not part of your license agreement nor can it be incorporated into any contractual agreement with Oracle or its subsidiaries or affiliates.

This documentation is NOT distributed under a GPL license. Use of this documentation is subject to the following terms:

You may create a printed copy of this documentation solely for your own personal use. Conversion to other formats is allowed as long as the actual content is not altered or edited in any way. You shall not publish or distribute this documentation in any form or on any media, except if you distribute the documentation in a manner similar to how Oracle disseminates it (that is, electronically for download on a Web site with the software) or on a CD-ROM or similar medium, provided however that the documentation is disseminated together with the software on the same medium. Any other use, such as any dissemination of printed copies or use of this documentation, in whole or in part, in another publication, requires the prior written consent from an authorized representative of Oracle. Oracle and/or its affiliates reserve any and all rights to this documentation not expressly granted above.

For more information on the terms of this license, or for details on how the MySQL documentation is built and produced, please visit MySQL Contact & Questions.

For additional licensing information, including licenses for third-party libraries used by MySQL products, see Preface and Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit either the MySQL Forums or MySQL Mailing Lists where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

For additional documentation on MySQL products, including translations of the documentation into other languages, and downloadable versions in variety of formats, including HTML and PDF formats, see the MySQL Documentation Library.

executing sql statements from a text file

The mysql client typically is used interactively, like this:

shell> mysql db_name

However, it is also possible to put your SQL statements in a file and then tell mysql to read its input from that file. To do so, create a text file text_file that contains the statements you wish to execute. Then invoke mysql as shown here:

shell> mysql db_name < text_file

If you place a USE db_name statement as the first statement in the file, it is unnecessary to specify the database name on the command line:

shell> mysql < text_file

If you are already running mysql, you can execute an SQL script file using the source command or \. command:

mysql> source file_name
mysql> \. file_name

Sometimes you may want your script to display progress information to the user. For this you can insert statements like this:

SELECT '<info_to_display>' AS ' ';

The statement shown outputs <info_to_display>.

You can also invoke mysql with the --verbose option, which causes each statement to be displayed before the result that it produces.

mysql ignores Unicode byte order mark (BOM) characters at the beginning of input files. Previously, it read them and sent them to the server, resulting in a syntax error. Presence of a BOM does not cause mysql to change its default character set. To do that, invoke mysql with an option such as --default-character-set=utf8.

For more information about batch mode, see Section 3.5, “Using mysql in Batch Mode”.

mysql commands

mysql sends each SQL statement that you issue to the server to be executed. There is also a set of commands that mysql itself interprets. For a list of these commands, type help or \h at the mysql> prompt:

mysql> help
List of all MySQL commands:
Note that all text commands must be first on line and end with ';'
? (\?) Synonym for ’help'.
clear (\c) Clear command.
connect (\r) Reconnect to the server. Optional arguments are db and host.
delimiter (\d) Set statement delimiter.
edit (\e) Edit command with $EDITOR.
ego (\G) Send command to mysql server, display result vertically.
exit (\q) Exit mysql. Same as quit.
go (\g) Send command to mysql server.
help (\h) Display this help.
nopager (\n) Disable pager, print to stdout.
notee (\t) Don't write into outfile.
pager (\P) Set PAGER [to_pager]. Print the query results via PAGER.
print (\p) Print current command.
prompt (\R) Change your mysql prompt.
quit (\q) Quit mysql.
rehash (\#) Rebuild completion hash.
source (\.) Execute an SQL script file. Takes a file name as an argument.
status (\s) Get status information from the server.
system (\!) Execute a system shell command.
tee (\T) Set outfile [to_outfile]. Append everything into given
outfile.
use (\u) Use another database. Takes database name as argument.
charset (\C) Switch to another charset. Might be needed for processing
binlog with multi-byte charsets.
warnings (\W) Show warnings after every statement.
nowarning (\w) Don't show warnings after every statement.
For server side help, type 'help contents'

Each command has both a long and short form. The long form is not case sensitive; the short form is. The long form can be followed by an optional semicolon terminator, but the short form should not.

The use of short-form commands within multi-line /* ... */ comments is not supported.

• help [arg], \h [arg], \? [arg], ? [arg]

Display a help message listing the available mysql commands.

If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a search string to access server-side help from the contents of the MySQL Reference Manual. For more information, see the section called “MYSQL SERVER-SIDE HELP”.

• charset charset_name, \C charset_name

Change the default character set and issue a SET NAMES statement. This enables the character set to remain synchronized on the client and server if mysql is run with auto-reconnect enabled (which is not recommended), because the specified character set is used for reconnects.

• clear, \c

Clear the current input. Use this if you change your mind about executing the statement that you are entering.

• connect [db_name host_name]], \r [db_name host_name]]

Reconnect to the server. The optional database name and host name arguments may be given to specify the default database or the host where the server is running. If omitted, the current values are used.

• delimiter str, \d str

Change the string that mysql interprets as the separator between SQL statements. The default is the semicolon character (“;”).

The delimiter string can be specified as an unquoted or quoted argument on the delimiter command line. Quoting can be done with either single quote ('), double quote ("), or backtick (’) characters. To include a quote within a quoted string, either quote the string with a different quote character or escape the quote with a backslash (“\”) character. Backslash should be avoided outside of quoted strings because it is the escape character for MySQL. For an unquoted argument, the delimiter is read up to the first space or end of line. For a quoted argument, the delimiter is read up to the matching quote on the line.

mysql interprets instances of the delimiter string as a statement delimiter anywhere it occurs, except within quoted strings. Be careful about defining a delimiter that might occur within other words. For example, if you define the delimiter as X, you will be unable to use the word INDEX in statements. mysql interprets this as INDE followed by the delimiter X.

When the delimiter recognized by mysql is set to something other than the default of “;”, instances of that character are sent to the server without interpretation. However, the server itself still interprets “;” as a statement delimiter and processes statements accordingly. This behavior on the server side comes into play for multiple-statement execution (see Section 22.8.16, “C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution”), and for parsing the body of stored procedures and functions, triggers, and events (see Section 19.1, “Defining Stored Programs”).

• edit, \e

Edit the current input statement. mysql checks the values of the EDITOR and VISUAL environment variables to determine which editor to use. The default editor is vi if neither variable is set.

The edit command works only in Unix.

• ego, \G

Send the current statement to the server to be executed and display the result using vertical format.

• exit, \q

Exit mysql.

• go, \g

Send the current statement to the server to be executed.

• nopager, \n

Disable output paging. See the description for pager.

The nopager command works only in Unix.

• notee, \t

Disable output copying to the tee file. See the description for tee.

• nowarning, \w

Enable display of warnings after each statement.

• pager [command], \P [command]

Enable output paging. By using the --pager option when you invoke mysql, it is possible to browse or search query results in interactive mode with Unix programs such as less, more, or any other similar program. If you specify no value for the option, mysql checks the value of the PAGER environment variable and sets the pager to that. Pager functionality works only in interactive mode.

Output paging can be enabled interactively with the pager command and disabled with nopager. The command takes an optional argument; if given, the paging program is set to that. With no argument, the pager is set to the pager that was set on the command line, or stdout if no pager was specified.

Output paging works only in Unix because it uses the popen() function, which does not exist on Windows. For Windows, the tee option can be used instead to save query output, although it is not as convenient as pager for browsing output in some situations.

• print, \p

Print the current input statement without executing it.

• prompt [str], \R [str]

Reconfigure the mysql prompt to the given string. The special character sequences that can be used in the prompt are described later in this section.

If you specify the prompt command with no argument, mysql resets the prompt to the default of mysql>.

• quit, \q

Exit mysql.

• rehash, \#

Rebuild the completion hash that enables database, table, and column name completion while you are entering statements. (See the description for the --auto-rehash option.)

• source file_name, \. file_name

Read the named file and executes the statements contained therein. On Windows, you can specify path name separators as / or \\.

• status, \s

Provide status information about the connection and the server you are using. If you are running in --safe-updates mode, status also prints the values for the mysql variables that affect your queries.

• system command, \! command

Execute the given command using your default command interpreter.

The system command works only in Unix.

• tee [file_name], \T [file_name]

By using the --tee option when you invoke mysql, you can log statements and their output. All the data displayed on the screen is appended into a given file. This can be very useful for debugging purposes also. mysql flushes results to the file after each statement, just before it prints its next prompt. Tee functionality works only in interactive mode.

You can enable this feature interactively with the tee command. Without a parameter, the previous file is used. The tee file can be disabled with the notee command. Executing tee again re-enables logging.

• use db_name, \u db_name

Use db_name as the default database.

• warnings, \W

Enable display of warnings after each statement (if there are any).

Here are a few tips about the pager command:

• You can use it to write to a file and the results go only to the file:

mysql> pager cat > /tmp/log.txt

You can also pass any options for the program that you want to use as your pager:

mysql> pager less -n -i -S

• In the preceding example, note the -S option. You may find it very useful for browsing wide query results. Sometimes a very wide result set is difficult to read on the screen. The -S option to less can make the result set much more readable because you can scroll it horizontally using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys. You can also use -S interactively within less to switch the horizontal-browse mode on and off. For more information, read the less manual page:

shell> man less

• The -F and -X options may be used with less to cause it to exit if output fits on one screen, which is convenient when no scrolling is necessary:

mysql> pager less -n -i -S -F -X

• You can specify very complex pager commands for handling query output:

mysql> pager cat | tee /dr1/tmp/res.txt \
| tee /dr2/tmp/res2.txt | less -n -i -S

In this example, the command would send query results to two files in two different directories on two different file systems mounted on /dr1 and /dr2, yet still display the results onscreen using less.

You can also combine the tee and pager functions. Have a tee file enabled and pager set to less, and you are able to browse the results using the less program and still have everything appended into a file the same time. The difference between the Unix tee used with the pager command and the mysql built-in tee command is that the built-in tee works even if you do not have the Unix tee available. The built-in tee also logs everything that is printed on the screen, whereas the Unix tee used with pager does not log quite that much. Additionally, tee file logging can be turned on and off interactively from within mysql. This is useful when you want to log some queries to a file, but not others.

The prompt command reconfigures the default mysql> prompt. The string for defining the prompt can contain the following special sequences.

Image grohtml-119321.png

You can set the prompt in several ways:

• Use an environment variable. You can set the MYSQL_PS1 environment variable to a prompt string. For example:

shell> export MYSQL_PS1="(\u@\h) [\d]> "

• Use a command-line option. You can set the --prompt option on the command line to mysql. For example:

shell> mysql --prompt="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
(user@host) [database]>

• Use an option file. You can set the prompt option in the [mysql] group of any MySQL option file, such as /etc/my.cnf or the .my.cnf file in your home directory. For example:

[mysql]
prompt=(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_

In this example, note that the backslashes are doubled. If you set the prompt using the prompt option in an option file, it is advisable to double the backslashes when using the special prompt options. There is some overlap in the set of permissible prompt options and the set of special escape sequences that are recognized in option files. (The rules for escape sequences in option files are listed in Section 4.2.3.3, “Using Option Files”.) The overlap may cause you problems if you use single backslashes. For example, \s is interpreted as a space rather than as the current seconds value. The following example shows how to define a prompt within an option file to include the current time in HH:MM:SS> format:

[mysql]
prompt="\\r:\\m:\\s> "

• Set the prompt interactively. You can change your prompt interactively by using the prompt (or \R) command. For example:

mysql> prompt (\u@\h) [\d]>\_
PROMPT set to '(\u@\h) [\d]>\_'
(user@host) [database]>
(user@host) [database]> prompt
Returning to default PROMPT of mysql>
mysql>

mysql history file

On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to a history file. By default, this file is named .mysql_history and is created in your home directory. To specify a different file, set the value of the MYSQL_HISTFILE environment variable.

The .mysql_history should be protected with a restrictive access mode because sensitive information might be written to it, such as the text of SQL statements that contain passwords. See Section 6.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”.

mysql does not write statements to the history file when used noninteractively (for example, when reading input from a file or a pipe). It is also possible to explicitly suppress logging of statements to the history file by using the --batch or --execute option.

If you do not want to maintain a history file, first remove .mysql_history if it exists, and then use either of the following techniques:

• Set the MYSQL_HISTFILE variable to /dev/null. To cause this setting to take effect each time you log in, put the setting in one of your shell's startup files.

• Create .mysql_history as a symbolic link to /dev/null:

shell> ln -s /dev/null $HOME/.mysql_history

You need do this only once.

mysql options

mysql supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or in the [mysql] and [client] groups of an option file. mysql also supports the options for processing option files described at Section 4.2.3.4, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

• --help, -?

Display a help message and exit.

• --auto-rehash

Enable automatic rehashing. This option is on by default, which enables database, table, and column name completion. Use --disable-auto-rehash to disable rehashing. That causes mysql to start faster, but you must issue the rehash command if you want to use name completion.

To complete a name, enter the first part and press Tab. If the name is unambiguous, mysql completes it. Otherwise, you can press Tab again to see the possible names that begin with what you have typed so far. Completion does not occur if there is no default database.

• --auto-vertical-output

Cause result sets to be displayed vertically if they are too wide for the current window, and using normal tabular format otherwise. (This applies to statements terminated by ; or \G.) This option was added in MySQL 5.5.3.

• --batch, -B

Print results using tab as the column separator, with each row on a new line. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.

Batch mode results in nontabular output format and escaping of special characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see the description for the --raw option.

• --bind-address=ip_address

On a computer having multiple network interfaces, this option can be used to select which interface is employed when connecting to the MySQL server.

This option is supported only in the version of the mysql client that is supplied with MySQL Cluster. It is not available in standard MySQL Server 5.5 releases.

• --character-sets-dir=path

The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”.

• --column-names

Write column names in results.

• --column-type-info, -m

Display result set metadata.

• --comments, -c

Whether to preserve comments in statements sent to the server. The default is --skip-comments (discard comments), enable with --comments (preserve comments).

• --compress, -C

Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

• --database=db_name, -D db_name

The database to use. This is useful primarily in an option file.

• --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]

Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is 'd:t:o,file_name'. The default is 'd:t:o,/tmp/mysql.trace'.

• --debug-check

Print some debugging information when the program exits.

• --debug-info, -T

Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits.

• --default-auth=plugin

The client-side authentication plugin to use. See Section 6.3.6, “Pluggable Authentication”.

This option was added in MySQL 5.5.7.

• --default-character-set=charset_name

Use charset_name as the default character set for the client and connection.

A common issue that can occur when the operating system uses utf8 or another multi-byte character set is that output from the mysql client is formatted incorrectly, due to the fact that the MySQL client uses the latin1 character set by default. You can usually fix such issues by using this option to force the client to use the system character set instead.

See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”, for more information.

• --delimiter=str

Set the statement delimiter. The default is the semicolon character (“;”).

• --disable-named-commands

Disable named commands. Use the \* form only, or use named commands only at the beginning of a line ending with a semicolon (“;”). mysql starts with this option enabled by default. However, even with this option, long-format commands still work from the first line. See the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”.

• --enable-cleartext-plugin

Enable the mysql_clear_password cleartext authentication plugin. (See Section 6.3.6.4, “The Cleartext Client-Side Authentication Plugin”.) This option was added in MySQL 5.5.27.

• --execute=statement, -e statement

Execute the statement and quit. The default output format is like that produced with --batch. See Section 4.2.3.1, “Using Options on the Command Line”, for some examples. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.

• --force, -f

Continue even if an SQL error occurs.

• --host=host_name, -h host_name

Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

• --html, -H

Produce HTML output.

• --ignore-spaces, -i

Ignore spaces after function names. The effect of this is described in the discussion for the IGNORE_SPACE SQL mode (see Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”).

• --init-command=str

SQL statement to execute after connecting to the server. If auto-reconnect is enabled, the statement is executed again after reconnection occurs.

• --line-numbers

Write line numbers for errors. Disable this with --skip-line-numbers.

• --local-infile[={0|1}]

Enable or disable LOCAL capability for LOAD DATA INFILE. With no value, the option enables LOCAL. The option may be given as --local-infile=0 or --local-infile=1 to explicitly disable or enable LOCAL. Enabling LOCAL has no effect if the server does not also support it.

• --named-commands, -G

Enable named mysql commands. Long-format commands are permitted, not just short-format commands. For example, quit and \q both are recognized. Use --skip-named-commands to disable named commands. See the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”.

• --no-auto-rehash, -A

This has the same effect as -skip-auto-rehash. See the description for --auto-rehash.

• --no-beep, -b

Do not beep when errors occur.

• --no-named-commands, -g

Deprecated, use --disable-named-commands instead. --no-named-commands was removed in MySQL 5.5.3.

• --no-pager

Deprecated form of --skip-pager. See the --pager option. --no-pager was removed in MySQL 5.5.3.

• --no-tee

Deprecated form of --skip-tee. See the --tee option. --no-tee is removed in MySQL 5.5.3.

• --one-database, -o

Ignore statements except those that occur while the default database is the one named on the command line. This option is rudimentary and should be used with care. Statement filtering is based only on USE statements.

Initially, mysql executes statements in the input because specifying a database db_name on the command line is equivalent to inserting USE db_name at the beginning of the input. Then, for each USE statement encountered, mysql accepts or rejects following statements depending on whether the database named is the one on the command line. The content of the statements is immaterial.

Suppose that mysql is invoked to process this set of statements:

DELETE FROM db2.t2;
USE db2;
DROP TABLE db1.t1;
CREATE TABLE db1.t1 (i INT);
USE db1;
INSERT INTO t1 (i) VALUES(1);
CREATE TABLE db2.t1 (j INT);

If the command line is mysql --force --one-database db1, mysql handles the input as follows:

• The DELETE statement is executed because the default database is db1, even though the statement names a table in a different database.

• The DROP TABLE and CREATE TABLE statements are not executed because the default database is not db1, even though the statements name a table in db1.

• The INSERT and CREATE TABLE statements are executed because the default database is db1, even though the CREATE TABLE statement names a table in a different database.

• --pager[=command]

Use the given command for paging query output. If the command is omitted, the default pager is the value of your PAGER environment variable. Valid pagers are less, more, cat [> filename], and so forth. This option works only on Unix and only in interactive mode. To disable paging, use --skip-pager. the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”, discusses output paging further.

• --password[=password], -p[password]

The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the password value following the --password or -p option on the command line, mysql prompts for one.

Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 6.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”. You can use an option file to avoid giving the password on the command line.

• --pipe, -W

On Windows, connect to the server using a named pipe. This option applies only if the server supports named-pipe connections.

• --plugin-dir=path

The directory in which to look for plugins. It may be necessary to specify this option if the --default-auth option is used to specify an authentication plugin but mysql does not find it. See Section 6.3.6, “Pluggable Authentication”.

This option was added in MySQL 5.5.7.

• --port=port_num, -P port_num

The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

• --prompt=format_str

Set the prompt to the specified format. The default is mysql>. The special sequences that the prompt can contain are described in the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”.

• --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}

The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other than the one you want. For details on the permissible values, see Section 4.2.2, “Connecting to the MySQL Server”.

• --quick, -q

Do not cache each query result, print each row as it is received. This may slow down the server if the output is suspended. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.

• --raw, -r

For tabular output, the “boxing” around columns enables one column value to be distinguished from another. For nontabular output (such as is produced in batch mode or when the --batch or --silent option is given), special characters are escaped in the output so they can be identified easily. Newline, tab, NUL, and backslash are written as \n, \t, \0, and \\. The --raw option disables this character escaping.

The following example demonstrates tabular versus nontabular output and the use of raw mode to disable escaping:

% mysql
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
+----------+
| CHAR(92) |
+----------+
| \ |
+----------+
% mysql -s
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\\
% mysql -s -r
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\

• --reconnect

If the connection to the server is lost, automatically try to reconnect. A single reconnect attempt is made each time the connection is lost. To suppress reconnection behavior, use --skip-reconnect.

• --safe-updates, --i-am-a-dummy, -U

Permit only those UPDATE and DELETE statements that specify which rows to modify by using key values. If you have set this option in an option file, you can override it by using --safe-updates on the command line. See the section called “MYSQL TIPS”, for more information about this option.

• --secure-auth

Do not send passwords to the server in old (pre-4.1.1) format. This prevents connections except for servers that use the newer password format.

• --show-warnings

Cause warnings to be shown after each statement if there are any. This option applies to interactive and batch mode.

• --sigint-ignore

Ignore SIGINT signals (typically the result of typing Control+C).

• --silent, -s

Silent mode. Produce less output. This option can be given multiple times to produce less and less output.

This option results in nontabular output format and escaping of special characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see the description for the --raw option.

• --skip-column-names, -N

Do not write column names in results.

• --skip-line-numbers, -L

Do not write line numbers for errors. Useful when you want to compare result files that include error messages.

• --socket=path, -S path

For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

• --ssl*

Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server using SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 6.3.8.4, “SSL Command Options”.

• --table, -t

Display output in table format. This is the default for interactive use, but can be used to produce table output in batch mode.

• --tee=file_name

Append a copy of output to the given file. This option works only in interactive mode. the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”, discusses tee files further.

• --unbuffered, -n

Flush the buffer after each query.

• --user=user_name, -u user_name

The MySQL user name to use when connecting to the server.

• --verbose, -v

Verbose mode. Produce more output about what the program does. This option can be given multiple times to produce more and more output. (For example, -v -v -v produces table output format even in batch mode.)

• --version, -V

Display version information and exit.

• --vertical, -E

Print query output rows vertically (one line per column value). Without this option, you can specify vertical output for individual statements by terminating them with \G.

• --wait, -w

If the connection cannot be established, wait and retry instead of aborting.

• --xml, -X

Produce XML output.

The output when --xml is used with mysql matches that of mysqldump --xml. See mysqldump(1) for details.

The XML output also uses an XML namespace, as shown here:

shell> mysql --xml -uroot -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%'"
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<resultset statement="SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%'" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version</field>
<field name="Value">5.0.40-debug</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_comment</field>
<field name="Value">Source distribution</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_machine</field>
<field name="Value">i686</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_os</field>
<field name="Value">suse-linux-gnu</field>
</row>
</resultset>

(See Bug #25946.)

You can also set the following variables by using --var_name=value. The --set-variable format is deprecated and was removed in MySQL 5.5.3.

• connect_timeout

The number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value is 0.)

• max_allowed_packet

The maximum packet length to send to or receive from the server. (Default value is 16MB.)

• max_join_size

The automatic limit for rows in a join when using --safe-updates. (Default value is 1,000,000.)

• net_buffer_length

The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default value is 16KB.)

• select_limit

The automatic limit for SELECT statements when using --safe-updates. (Default value is 1,000.)

mysql server-side help

mysql> help search_string

If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a search string to access server-side help from the contents of the MySQL Reference Manual. The proper operation of this command requires that the help tables in the mysql database be initialized with help topic information (see Section 5.1.10, “Server-Side Help”).

If there is no match for the search string, the search fails:

mysql> help me
Nothing found
Please try to run 'help contents' for a list of all accessible topics

Use help contents to see a list of the help categories:

mysql> help contents
You asked for help about help category: "Contents"
For more information, type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the
following categories:
Account Management
Administration
Data Definition
Data Manipulation
Data Types
Functions
Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY
Geographic Features
Language Structure
Plugins
Storage Engines
Stored Routines
Table Maintenance
Transactions
Triggers

If the search string matches multiple items, mysql shows a list of matching topics:

mysql> help logs
Many help items for your request exist.
To make a more specific request, please type 'help <item>',
where <item> is one of the following topics:
SHOW
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW ENGINE
SHOW LOGS

Use a topic as the search string to see the help entry for that topic:

mysql> help show binary logs
Name: 'SHOW BINARY LOGS'
Description:
Syntax:
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW MASTER LOGS
Lists the binary log files on the server. This statement is used as
part of the procedure described in [purge-binary-logs], that shows how
to determine which logs can be purged.
mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
+---------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+---------------+-----------+
| binlog.000015 | 724935 |
| binlog.000016 | 733481 |
+---------------+-----------+

mysql tips

This section describes some techniques that can help you use mysql more effectively.

Displaying Query Results Vertically
Some query results are much more readable when displayed vertically, instead of in the usual horizontal table format. Queries can be displayed vertically by terminating the query with \G instead of a semicolon. For example, longer text values that include newlines often are much easier to read with vertical output:

mysql> SELECT * FROM mails WHERE LENGTH(txt) < 300 LIMIT 300,1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
msg_nro: 3068
date: 2000-03-01 23:29:50
time_zone: +0200
mail_from: Monty
reply: monty[:at:]no.spam[:dot:]com
mail_to: "Thimble Smith" <tim[:at:]no.spam[:dot:]com>
sbj: UTF-8
txt: >>>>> "Thimble" == Thimble Smith writes:
Thimble> Hi. I think this is a good idea. Is anyone familiar
Thimble> with UTF-8 or Unicode? Otherwise, I'll put this on my
Thimble> TODO list and see what happens.
Yes, please do that.
Regards,
Monty
file: inbox-jani-1
hash: 190402944
1 row in set (0.09 sec)

Using the --safe-updates Option
For beginners, a useful startup option is --safe-updates (or --i-am-a-dummy, which has the same effect). It is helpful for cases when you might have issued a DELETE FROM tbl_name statement but forgotten the WHERE clause. Normally, such a statement deletes all rows from the table. With --safe-updates, you can delete rows only by specifying the key values that identify them. This helps prevent accidents.

When you use the --safe-updates option, mysql issues the following statement when it connects to the MySQL server:

SET sql_safe_updates=1, sql_select_limit=1000, sql_max_join_size=1000000;

See Section 5.1.4, “Server System Variables”.

The SET statement has the following effects:

• You are not permitted to execute an UPDATE or DELETE statement unless you specify a key constraint in the WHERE clause or provide a LIMIT clause (or both). For example:

UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val WHERE key_column=val;
UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val LIMIT 1;

• The server limits all large SELECT results to 1,000 rows unless the statement includes a LIMIT clause.

• The server aborts multiple-table SELECT statements that probably need to examine more than 1,000,000 row combinations.

To specify limits different from 1,000 and 1,000,000, you can override the defaults by using the --select_limit and --max_join_size options:

shell> mysql --safe-updates --select_limit=500 --max_join_size=10000

Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect
If the mysql client loses its connection to the server while sending a statement, it immediately and automatically tries to reconnect once to the server and send the statement again. However, even if mysql succeeds in reconnecting, your first connection has ended and all your previous session objects and settings are lost: temporary tables, the autocommit mode, and user-defined and session variables. Also, any current transaction rolls back. This behavior may be dangerous for you, as in the following example where the server was shut down and restarted between the first and second statements without you knowing it:

mysql> SET @a=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(@a);
ERROR 2006: MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 1
Current database: test
Query OK, 1 row affected (1.30 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+------+
| a |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)

The @a user variable has been lost with the connection, and after the reconnection it is undefined. If it is important to have mysql terminate with an error if the connection has been lost, you can start the mysql client with the --skip-reconnect option.

For more information about auto-reconnect and its effect on state information when a reconnection occurs, see Section 22.8.15, “Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior”.

mysql

Using mysql is very easy. Invoke it from the prompt of your command interpreter as follows:

shell> mysql db_name

Or:

shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name

Then type an SQL statement, end it with “;”, \g, or \G and press Enter.

You can execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) like this:

shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab

On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to a history file. See the section called “MYSQL HISTORY FILE”.

see also

For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

author

Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/).

mysql

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